SuggestedSources

All Questions and Sources

This document contains all questions and their suggested sources in one place, with links to all AI responses.

Last Updated: 2025-06-28 01:22:55

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1. Are smartphones harming adolescent mental health?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• A Consensus Statement on Potential Negative Impacts of Smartphone and Social Media Use on Adolescent Mental Health – OSF Preprints
• Associations Between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-Being Among Children and Adolescents: Evidence From a Population-Based Study – Preventive Medicine Reports
• Screens, Teens, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence From Three Time-Use Diary Studies – Psychological Science
• Adolescent Mental Health in the Digital Age: Facts, Fears and Future Directions – Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
• Behind the Scenes of the Consensus Statement on Potential Negative Impacts of Smartphone and Social Media Use – Center for Conflict + Cooperation Newsletter
• The truth about teens, social media and the mental health crisis – NPR
• Are screens harming teens? What scientists can do to find answers – Nature
• https://www.aporiamagazine.com/p/the-anxious-generation-in-the-classroom

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2. Are we living through a crisis of expertise?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Frances Lee & Stephen Macedo on Why Institutions Failed During COVID - Yascha Mounk (Substack)
• Elite failures and populist backlash - Conspicuous Cognition (Substack)
• The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium - Google Books
• Public Trust in Government: 1958-2024 - Pew Research Center
• The failure of economists… - Not On Your Team (Substack)
• Economists don’t know what’s going on - The Economist
• Scientific research fraud and criminal prosecution - Vox
• Are most published research findings false? Trends in statistical power, publication selection bias, and the false discovery rate in psychology (1975-2017) - NCBI/PMC
• The Wrong Lessons Of Iraq - The Last Psychiatrist
• In Defence of Non-Experts - Aporia Magazine
• Podcast Bros and Brain Rot - Nathan Cofnas (Substack)
• In extremely rare move, Harvard revokes tenure and cuts ties with star business professor - WGBH News
• I’ve Been at NPR for 25 Years. Here’s How We Lost America’s Trust. - The Free Press
• The Ten Warning Signs - The Honest Broker (Substack)
• When the New York Times lost its way - The Economist
• Can You Trust Anybody? - The Wall Street Journal x

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3. Did COVID-19 leak from a lab or did it have natural origins?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part – World Health Organization
• Declassified Assessment on COVID-19 Origins – Office of the Director of National Intelligence ([dni.gov][2])
• Lab Leak: The True Origins of COVID-19 – The White House
• COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a “Complex and Grave Situation” Inside a Wuhan Lab – Vanity Fair
• We Were Badly Misled About Covid – The New York Times
• The Origin of COVID: Did People or Nature Open Pandora’s Box at Wuhan? – Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
• House Panel Concludes That COVID-19 Pandemic Came From a Lab Leak – Science
• Evidence that the Huanan Market in Wuhan, China, Was the Epicenter of the COVID-19 Pandemic – News-Medical.net
• https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/practically-a-book-review-rootclaim

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4. Does gender affirming care lower youth suicide risk?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation – Pediatrics
• Researchers Found Puberty Blockers and Hormones Didn’t Improve Trans Kids’ Mental Health at Their Clinic — Then They Published a Study Claiming the Opposite – Singal-Minded
• Independent Review of Gender Identity Services for Children and Young People: Interim Report – Cass Review (NHS England)
• Treatment for Pediatric Gender Dysphoria: Review of Evidence and Best Practices – U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
• Examining Gender-Specific Mental Health Risks After Gender-Affirming Surgery: A National Database Study – The Journal of Sexual Medicine
• Mental Health Outcomes in Transgender and Nonbinary Youths Receiving Gender-Affirming Care – JAMA Network Open
• Psychosocial Functioning in Transgender Youth after 2 Years of Hormones – New England Journal of Medicine
• https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/06/26/hhs-review-anonymous-author/ test

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5. How accurate are IQ tests?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Breaking the Taboo - Riot IQ
• 12 Things Everyone Should Know About IQ - The Nature‑Nurture‑Nietzsche Newsletter
• Why Is Most Journalism About IQ So Bad? - Quillette
• Myths and Misconceptions About Intelligence: A Study of 35 Myths - Personality and Individual Differences
• What Do Undergraduates Learn About Human Intelligence? An Analysis of Introductory Psychology Textbooks - Archives of Scientific Psychology
• Communicating Intelligence Research: Media Misrepresentation, the Gould Effect, and Unexpected Forces - Intelligence
• IQ: From Causes to Consequences - Long list of references (French)

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6. How accurate was press coverage of President Biden’s mental decline?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• How Biden’s Inner Circle Protected a Faltering President - The New York Times
• Original Sin: President Biden’s Decline, Its Cover-Up, and His Disastrous Choice to Run Again - Penguin Press
• Original Sin - Bookshop.org
• What We Don’t Learn in “Original Sin” - Slow Boring
• The Crimes of the Politburo - Persuasion
• Who’s to Blame for Missing Biden’s Decline? - The New Yorker
• New Book Details How Biden’s Mental Decline Was Kept from Voters - NPR

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7. How do genes influence socio-economic status?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Genes, money, status… and comics – Punctuated Equilibrium
• Socio-economic status is a social construct with heritable components and genetic consequences – Nature Human Behaviour
• The Son Also Rises – Wikipedia
• What can genes tell us about the relationship between education and health? – Social Science & Medicine
• Heritability of lifetime earnings – The Journal of Economic Inequality
• The genetic and environmental composition of socioeconomic status in Norway – Nature Communications
• Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socio-economic health gradient – Nature Human Behaviour
• Education, genes, and social mobility – EurekAlert! (news release summarizing a PNAS study)

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8. How do you distinguish good science from propaganda?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• NIH Staff Revolt Promotes Propaganda – Unsafe Science
• Two Ways of Thinking About Propaganda – RBN McKenna (Substack)
• The Stanford Prison Experiment Was Massively Influential. We Just Learned It Was a Fraud. – Vox
• The Disastrous Effects of Lysenkoism on Soviet Agriculture – Encyclopedia.com

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9. How does school spending in the United States compare to other nations?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) – NCES
• Bringing it back home: Why state comparisons are more useful than international comparisons for improving U.S. education policy – Economic Policy Institute
• PISA 2022 U.S. Results – NCES
• Elite Education Journalism: Still Ideology at Its Purest – Freddie deBoer (Substack)
• Education Expenditures by Country – NCES Condition of Education
• Education at a Glance 2023: Putting U.S. Data in a Global Context – IES Blog
• These countries spend the most on education – World Economic Forum

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10. How many Americans have died due to fentanyl?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Are fentanyl overdose deaths rising in the US? – USAFacts
• Clarifying CDC’s Efforts to Quantify Overdose Deaths – Public Health Reports
• Drug Poisoning Deaths in the United States, 1980–2008 – NCHS Data Brief No. 81 / CDC
• DEA Issues Nationwide Alert on Fentanyl as Threat to Health and Public Safety – Drug Enforcement Administration
• Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2017 – NCHS Data Brief No. 329 / CDC
• Trends and Geographic Patterns in Drug and Synthetic Opioid Overdose Deaths — United States, 2013–2019 – MMWR / CDC
• Overdose Deaths Involving Opioids, Cocaine, and Psychostimulants — United States, 2015–2016 – MMWR / CDC
• Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2018 – NCHS Data Brief No. 356 / CDC
• Overdose Prevention Strategy – U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
• United States drug overdose death rates and totals over time – Wikipedia
• Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2003–2023 – NCHS Data Brief No. 522 / CDC
• Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures – National Institute on Drug Abuse

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11. How many immigrants are in the United States illegally?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Study: Undocumented immigrant population roughly double current estimate – MIT Sloan

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12. How much of a problem is misinformation?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Criticising Misinformation Research Doesn’t Make You a Trump Supporter – Conspicuous Cognition
• The Rise of the Fact-checking Movement: Ensuring the Truth Is Heard in the Western Balkans – German Marshall Fund of the United States
• Confronting Health Misinformation: U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory (Foreword) – NCBI Bookshelf
• Misunderstanding the Harms of Online Misinformation – Nature
• Misinformation on Misinformation: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges – Social Media + Society
• The misinformation crisis isn’t about truth, it’s about trust - The Eternally Radical Idea with Greg Lukianoff

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13. How much of intelligence is hereditary?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Is Intelligence Hereditary? – Scientific American
• The new genetics of intelligence – Nature Reviews Genetics
• Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence – Nature Genetics
• Explaining the Increasing Heritability of Cognitive Ability Across Development: A Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Twin and Adoption Studies – Psychological Science
• Genetic Variation, Brain, and Intelligence Differences – Molecular Psychiatry
• DNA and IQ: Big Deal or Much Ado About Nothing? – A Meta-analysis – Intelligence
• The new genetics of intelligence – Nature Reviews Genetics (PMC Open Access)
• https://icajournal.scholasticahq.com/article/140654-polygenic-score-prediction-within-and-between-sibling-pairs-for-intelligence-cognitive-abilities-and-educational-traits-from-childhood-to-early-adul

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14. Is nuclear power safe?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? – Our World in Data
• Nuclear Safety Review 2024 – International Atomic Energy Agency
• How safe is nuclear energy? – The Economist
• Nuclear Energy Safety Studies – Sandia National Laboratories
• https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/your-book-review-safe-enough

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15. Was the public misled about the UK grooming gang scandal?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• https://www.stevesailer.net/p/wikipedia-does-it-again

• https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/baroness-caseys-audit-of-group-based-child-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse

• https://emilkirkegaard.dk/en/2025/01/did-the-new-york-times-inform-readers-about-rotherham/

• https://x.com/jonatanpallesen/status/1843657638904569928

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16. Were the COVID-19 lockdowns effective?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• The End of the COVID-19 Pandemic – European Journal of Clinical Investigation
• Estimating the Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 in Europe – Nature
• A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Lockdowns on COVID-19 Mortality – Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics
• Frances Lee & Stephen Macedo on Why Institutions Failed During COVID – Persuasion (Substack)
• A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Lockdowns on COVID-19 Mortality – Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics (archived)

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17. What are luxury beliefs?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Luxury Beliefs are Status Symbols – Rob Henderson’s Newsletter
• “Luxury beliefs”: Signaling through ideology? – UCD School of Economics Working Paper
• ‘Luxury Beliefs’ That Only the Privileged Can Afford – The Wall Street Journal
• “Luxury beliefs” Are Not Real – Culture: An Owner’s Manual
• ‘Luxury Beliefs’ Are the Latest Status Symbol for Rich Americans – New York Post
• Book Review: The Road to Wigan Pier – Musa al‑Gharbi (Substack)

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18. What caused the 2008 financial crisis?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• The Subprime Crisis: Why Asymmetric Information Didn’t Save Us – Econlib
• Unreal Estate – iSteve (Steve Sailer blog)
• Subprime Mortgage Crisis – Federal Reserve History
• No doc loan – Wikipedia
• Countrywide’s Subprime Scandal – Ethics Unwrapped
• Collateralized debt obligation – Wikipedia
• The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report – Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission / U.S. GPO
• President’s Remarks at the 2004 Republican National Convention – George W. Bush White House Archives
• White House Conference on Minority Homeownership: Blueprint for the American Dream – U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
• HUD’s Housing Goals for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 2005–2008 – Federal Register

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19. What caused the crime spike in 2020 in the United States?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• What Caused Last Year’s Spike in Violent Crime? – The Heritage Foundation
• What We Know About the Increase in U.S. Murders in 2020 – Pew Research Center
• Crime in the USA – Patterns in Humanity
• Breaking Down the 2020 Homicide Spike – Manhattan Institute
• Myths and Realities: Understanding Recent Trends in Violent Crime – Brennan Center for Justice
• Elevated Police Turnover Following the Summer of George Floyd – Criminology & Public Policy
• Study: No Clear Link Between Gun Sales Spike and Murder Rise – Axios
• Study: Killings Surge in 2020 as Pandemic, Protests Play Roles – MPR News

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20. What explains the rise in autism diagnoses?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• On RFK, Jr. on Autism – In My Tribe (Substack)
• Getting Real About Autism’s Exponential Explosion – National Council on Severe Autism
• Heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Twin Studies – Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry
• Explaining the Increase in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Proportion Attributable to Changes in Reporting Practices – JAMA Pediatrics
• Diagnostic Change and the Increased Prevalence of Autism – International Journal of Epidemiology
• Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Autistic Traits Over Time – JAMA Psychiatry
• Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Environmental Risk Factors for Autism: An Evidence-Based Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses – Molecular Autism
• Advancing Paternal Age and Autism – Archives of General Psychiatry
• Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preterm Infants: A Meta-analysis – Pediatrics
• The Changing Prevalence of Autism in California – Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders
• Advancing Maternal Age Is Associated With Increasing Risk for Autism: A Review and Meta-Analysis – Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
• Update on Diagnostic Classification in Autism – Current Opinion in Psychiatry
• https://www.cremieux.xyz/p/whats-the-deal-with-autism-rates
• https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/23/opinion/why-autism-rates-increased.html

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21. What is antidepressant discontinuation syndrome?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/going-off-antidepressants
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7970174
• https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/mental-health/treatments-and-wellbeing/print-outs/stopping-antidepressants-information-resource-print-version-18-03-24.pdf
• https://core.ac.uk/reader/195308748?utm_source=linkout
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8061160/

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22. What is the replication crisis?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science – Science
• ~75 % of Psychology Claims Are False – Unsafe Science (Substack)
• The Long Shadow of Fraud in Alzheimer’s Research – The New York Times
• Revisiting Stereotype Threat: A Reckoning for Social Psychology – Michael Inzlicht
• The Staggering Death Toll of Scientific Lies – Vox
• Medicine Is Plagued by Untrustworthy Clinical Trials. How Many Studies Are Faked or Flawed? – Nature
• Are Most Published Research Findings False? Trends in Statistical Power, Publication Selection Bias, and the False Discovery Rate in Psychology (1975–2017) – PLOS One

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23. What is there so much financial fraud in Minnesota?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Feeding Our Future – Wikipedia
• 62 Investigations Underway Involving Federally‑Funded Minnesota Child‑Care Centers – KSTP 5 Eyewitness News
• Report: Minnesota Department of Education’s “Inadequate Oversight” of Feeding Our Future Opened Door to Fraud – Star Tribune
• Minnesota Department of Education: Oversight of Feeding Our Future – Minnesota Office of the Legislative Auditor
• Commerce Fraud Bureau Annual Report 2023 – Minnesota Department of Commerce
• Minnesota Couple Indicted in $15 Million Medical Billing Fraud Scheme – U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Minnesota
• Bank Ordered to Pay $564 Million to Victims of Petters Fraud – CBS Minnesota / AP
• Projected Deficit Renews Focus on Fraud in Minnesota – Axios Twin Cities
• https://www.kare11.com/article/news/investigations/kare-11-investigates-tackling-fraud-minnesota-lawmakers-pass-key-reforms/

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24. Why are fertility rates declining in most nations?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• JD Vance, Elon Musk Are Right About Falling Birth Rates — Here’s Where They Get It Wrong – The Hill
• Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – World Bank
• Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study – The Lancet
• There’s a Link Between Therapy Culture and Childlessness – The New York Times
• Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality – McKinsey Global Institute
• The New Economics of Fertility – IMF Finance & Development
• You Decide: Should We Worry About the Declining Birth Rate? – NC State CALS News
• What Is Driving the Global Decline of Human Fertility? Need for a Multidisciplinary Approach to the Underlying Mechanisms – Frontiers in Reproductive Health
• The dawn of the posthuman age - Noah Smith

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25. Why do some Christians believe it is their religious duty to support Israel?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2012-03/evangelicals-and-israel

• https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/18/the-biggest-fans-of-president-trumps-israel-policy-evangelical-christians/

• https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/the-judeo-christian-tradition-is-over/614812/

• https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v28/n06/john-mearsheimer/the-israel-lobby

• https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2013/10/03/more-white-evangelicals-than-american-jews-say-god-gave-israel-to-the-jewish-people/

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26. Why is Stoicism becoming popular again?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Stoicism: The Ancient Remedy to the Modern Age – The Prism (Substack)
• The Revival of Stoicism – VICE
• Stoicism 5.0: The Unlikely 21st‑Century Reboot of an Ancient Philosophy – The Conversation
• Why Stoicism Is Having a Cultural Moment – Daily Stoic
• Stoicism as a Fad and a Philosophy – Psychology Today

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27. Why were mental hospitals closed in the United States?

AI Responses: Claude - Claude w/sources - ChatGPT - ChatGPT w/sources - Gemini - Gemini w/sources - Grok - Grok w/sources

Sources

• Deinstitutionalization in the United States – Wikipedia
• Hard Truths About Deinstitutionalization, Then and Now – CalMatters
• The Truth About Deinstitutionalization – The Atlantic
• Bedlam 1946 – PBS American Experience
• Deinstitutionalization Through Optimism: The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 – American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal
• Tracking the History of State Psychiatric Hospital Closures, 1997–2015 – NRI Research Institute
• Deinstitutionalization (Special Report, The New Asylums) – PBS Frontline

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